Anticuerpos irregulares en pacientes transfundidos: un enfoque desde la prevalencia, características clínicas y diagnóstico de los receptors
Abstract
Los anticuerpos irregulares pueden dificultar la búsqueda de sangre compatible ocasionando una mayor carga de trabajo para el área de Medicina transfusional y un incremento de los costos. La alta demanda de transfusión de sangre conlleva a un alto riesgo de aloinmunización en la población, provocada por una gran variedad de antígenos de baja frecuencia que pueden provocar reacciones hemolíticas transfusional es incluso, causar la muerte del receptor. Este estudio tuvo por objetivo describir los anticuerpos irregulares en pacientes transfundidos de acuerdo a su prevalencia, características clínicas y el diagnóstico de los receptores. Se utilizó un diseño de narrativa documental, a través del cual se buscó identificar la prevalencia, características clínicas y diagnóstico de anticuerpos irregulares en pacientes transfundidos a nivel nacional e internacional.
Las bases de datos y motores de búsqueda consultados fueron Medline (PubMed), Science Directy Scielo, en donde se analizó los artículos a través de palabras clave. A partir del análisis se ha logrado comprender que los anticuerpos irregulares más comunes son:Rh(Anti-E,Anti-C,Anti-D,Anti-c,Anti-eyAnti-Cw);Lutheran(Anti-Lua); Kell (Anti-K, Anti-K1 y Anti-Kpa); Duffy (Anti Fy, Anti-Fy1, Anti-Fya y Anti-Fyb); MNS(Anti-MyAnti-S);Lewis(Anti-Le,Anti-LeayAnti-Leb);yKidd(Anti-Jka. Finalmente, también se logró asumir que, los métodos de detección de anticuerpos irregulares que más se utilizan técnicas de aglutinación en tubo, en columna o en micro- placa, con etapas a temperatura ambiente, 37°C y antiglobulina humana y en algunos servicios la técnica de aglutinación en columna de gel.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
1. Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile. Recomendaciones para la detección e identificación de anticuerpos irregulares eritrocitarios: Documentos técnicos para el el laboratorio clínico. [Internet]. 2014 [citado 3 junio 2022]. Disponible en. https://www.ispch.cl/sites/default/files/Deteccion%20Anticuerpos%20Irreg.pdf.
2. Seck M, Senghor A, Loum M, Touré S, Faye B, Diallo A, et al. Transfusion Practice, Post-Transfusion Complications and Risk Factors in Sickle Cell Disease in Senegal, West Africa. Mediterr J HematolInfectDis. [Internet]. 2022 [citado 5 mayo 2022]; 14(1): e2022004. DOI: 10.4084/MJHID.2022.004.
3. Hassan M, Mohd Noor N, Johan Noor S, Sukri S, Mustafa R, Luc Aster H. Hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn due to maternal red blood cell alloantibodies in the Malay population. Asian J Transfus Sci. [Internet]. 2014 [citado 2 junio 2022]; 8(2):113-7. DOI: 10.4103/0973-6247.137449.
4. Karim F, Moiz B, Kamran N. Risk of maternal alloimmunization in Southern Pakistan - a study in a cohort of 1000 pregnant women. TransfusApher Sci. [Internet]. 2015 [citado 2 junio 2022]; 52(1):99-102. DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2014.12.002.
5. Chou S, Jackson T, Vege S, Smith-Whitley K, Friedman D, Westhoff C. High prevalence of red blood cell alloimmunization in sickle cell disease despite transfusion from Rh-matched minority donors. Blood. [Internet]. 2013 [citado 4 junio 2022]; 122(6):1062-71. DOI: 10.1182/sangre-2013-03-490623.
6. Adewoyin A, Daramola O, Ogbenna A, Adeyemo T. Immune erythrocyte antibodies in adult patients with sickle cell disease and blood donors in Lagos, Nigeria: a comparative study. Immunohematology. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 14 junio 2022]; 37(3):131-137. DOI: 10.21307/inmunohematología-2021-020.
7. Chhetri R, Wee L, Sinha R, Kutyna M, Pham A, Stathopoulos H, et al. Red cell autoimmunization and alloimmunization in myelodysplastic syndromes: prevalence, characteristic and significance. Haematologica. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 4 mayo 2022]; 104(10): e451-e454. DOI: 10.3324/hematol.2018.215087.
8. Valle Neto O, Alves V, Pereira G, Moraes-Souza H, Martins P. Clinical and epidemiological profile of alloimmunized and autoimmunized multi-transfused patients against red blood cell antigens in a blood center of Minas Gerais. HematolTransfus Cell Ther. [Internet]. 2018 [citado 2 mayo 2022]; 40(2):107-111. DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2017.08.001.
9. Chaudhari C. Red Cell Alloantibodies in Multiple Transfused Thalassaemia Patients. Med J Armed Forces India. [Internet]. 2011 [citado 5 junio 2022]; 67(1):34-7. DOI: 10.1016/S0377-1237(11)80008-0.
10. Pahuja S, Gupta S, Pujani M, Jain M. The prevalence of irregular erythrocyte antibodies among antenatal women in Delhi. Blood Transfus. [Internet]. 2011 [citado 2 junio 2022]; 9(4):388-93. DOI: 10.2450/2011.0050-10.
11. Dholakiya S, Bharadva S, Vachhani J, Upadhyay B. Red cell alloimmunization among antenatal women attending tertiary care center in Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. Asian J TransfusSci. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 5 junio 2022]; 15(1):52-56. DOI: 10.4103/ajts.AJTS_72_17.
12. Matteocci A, Pierelli L. Red blood cell alloimmunization in sickle cell disease and in thalassaemia: current status, future perspectives and potential role of molecular typing. Vox Sang. [Internet]. 2014 [citado 7 junio 2022]; 106(3):197-208. DOI: 10.1111/vox.12086.
13. Nagervadze M, Tsintsadze I, Akhvlediani L, Koiava T, Tskvitinidze S, Khukhunaishvili R, et al. ABO system combination with Rh, Kell and MN group in Georgian blood donors. Am J Blood Res. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 3 diciembre 2021]; 11(2):132-139. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8165715/.
14. Prinja N, Narain R. ABO, Rh, and kell blood group antigen frequencies in blood donors at the tertiary care hospital of Northwestern India. Asian J TransfusSci. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 17 agosto 2021]; 14(2):179-184. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7983138/.
15. Gajjar M, Patel T, Bhatnagar N, Patel K, Shah M, Prajapati A, et al. Partial phenotyping in voluntary blood donors of Gujarat State. Asian J Transfus Sci. [Internet]. 2016 [citado 17 agosto 2021]; 10(1):67-70. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4782498/.
16. Solheim B. Provision of K- (KEL1-) blood to women not more than 50 years of age. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2015 [citado 3 diciembre 2021]; 55(3):468-9. DOI: 10.1111 / trf.12988.
17. Vásquez Rojas M, Castillo Espinosa D, Pavez Espinoza Y, Maldonado Rojas M, Mena Leiva A. Frecuencia de antígenos del sistema sanguíneo Rh y del sistema Kell en donantes de sangre. Rev CubanaHematolInmunolHemoter. [Internet]. 2015 [citado 12 junio 2022]; 31(2):160-171. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-02892015000200007#tab1.
18. Luken J, Folman C, Lukens M, Meekers J, Ligthart P, Schonewille H, et al. Reduction of anti-K-mediated hemolytic disease of newborns after the introduction of a matched transfusion policy: A nation-wide policy change evaluation study in the Netherlands. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 3 diciembre 2021]; 61(3):713-721. DOI: 10.1111 / trf.16276.
19. Lawicki S, Covin R, Powers A. The Kidd (JK) Blood Group System. TransfusMed Rev. [Internet]. 2017 [citado 4 diciembre 2021]; 31(3):165-172. DOI: 10.1016 / j. tmrv.2016.10.003.
20. Subramaniyan R. Serological characteristics of Lewis antibodies and their clinical significance - A case series. HematolTransfus Cell Ther. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 3 diciembre 2021]; S2531-1379(21)01288-8. DOI: 10.1016 / j.htct.2021.07.007.
21. Gayathri A, Gupta D. Case series investigation on the Lewis system antibodies encountered during a routine screening in a tertiary care hospital-based blood center. Asian J TransfusSci. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 3 diciembre 2021]; 14(1):54-56. DOI: 10.4103 / ajts.AJTS_60_19.
22. Łukasik E, Waśniowska K. Antygenyukładugrupowego Duffy: budowa, właściwościserologiczne i funkcja [Duffy bloodgroupantigens: structure, serologicalproperties and function]. PostepyHigMedDosw. [Internet]. 2016 [citado 4 diciembre 2021]; 70:143-61. DOI: 10.5604 / 17322693.1196360.
23. Martins M, Da Silva A, Santos H, Alves M, Schmidt L, Vertchenko S, et al. Duffy blood group system: New genotyping method and distribution in a Brazilian extra-Amazonian population. Mol Cell Probes. [Internet]. 2017 [citado 3 diciembre 2021]; 35:20-26. DOI: 10.1016 / j.mcp.2017.06.001.
24. American Asocciation of Blood Banks. Manual Técnico AABB. 17th ed. Buenos Aires: Asociación Argentina de Hemoterapia e Inmunohematología; 2012.
25. Langer I, Visentainer J, Zacarias J, Grilo K, Hatschbach P, Zimmermann R, et al. Genotyping of Dombrock and Lutheran blood group systems in blood donors from the southwestern region of the state of Paraná, Southern Brazil. HematolTransfus Cell Ther. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 4 diciembre 2021]; 41(1):25-30. DOI: 10.1016 / j.htct.2018.06.001.
26. Garcia-Sanchez F, Pardi C, Kupatawintu P, Thornton N, Rodriguez M, Lucea I, et al. Identification of new KLF1 and LU alleles during the resolution of Lutheran typing discrepancies. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2016 [citado 3 diciembre 2021]; 56(6):1413-8. DOI: 10.1111 / trf.13556.
27. Simancas-Racines D, Montero-Oleas N, Vernooij R, Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Fuentes P, Gich I, et al. Quality of clinical practice guidelines about red blood cell transfusion. J Evid Based Med. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 7 junio 2022]; 12(2):113-124. DOI: 10.1111/jebm.12330.
28. Linder G, Chou S. Red cell transfusion and alloimmunization in sickle cell disease. Haematologica. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 8 junio 2022]; 106(7):1805-1815. DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.270546.
29. OMS. Disponibilidad y seguridad de la sangre. [Internet]. 2022 [citado 2 junio 2022]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blood-safety-and-availability.
30. Palma B. Aspectos generales de la transfusión de sangre y sus componentes. RevMedVozandes. [Internet]. 2018 [citado 10 mayo 2022]; 29:83-90. Disponible en: https://revistamedicavozandes.com/media/2018/RMV2018v29n1-2_RC_01.pdf.
31. Jang M, Cho D, Park K, Yazer M, Shin M, Shin J, et al. Autoantibodies with mimicking specificity detected by the dilution technique in patients with warm autoantibodies. Ann Lab Med. [Internet]. 2013 [citado 12 diciembre 2021]; 33(5):343-8. DOI: 10.3343 / alm.2013.33.5.343.
32. Meybohm P, Richards T, Isbister J, Hofmann A, Shander A, Goodnough L, et al. Patient Blood Management Bundles to Facilitate Implementation. Transfus Med Rev. [Internet]. 2017 [citado 25 mayo 2022]; 31(1):62-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2016.05.012.
33. Helmer P, Hottenrott P, Steinisch A, Röder D, Schubert J, Steigerwald U, et al. Avoidable Blood Loss in Critical Care and Patient Blood Management: Scoping Review of Diagnostic Blood Loss. J Clin Med. [Internet]. 2022 [citado 8 junio 2022]; 11(2):320. DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020320.
34. Bolcato M, Beverina I, Rodriguez D, Aprile A, TrabuccoAurilio M. Organizational Strategies for the Management of Intravenous Iron Therapy in Non-Hospitalized Settings: A Safe Opportunity to Implement Patient Blood Management in Italy. Healthcare (Basel). [Internet]. 2021 [citado 7 junio 2022]; 9(9):1222. DOI: 10.3390/salud9091222.
35. La Rosa M. Protocolo de transfusión masiva en obstetricia. Rev. Perú. ginecol. obstet. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 30 mayo 2022]; 66(1):67-72. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?pid=S2304-51322020000100067&script=sci_arttext.
36. Federici A, Intini D, Lattuada A, Vanelli C, Arrigoni L, Sacchi E, et al. Supportive transfusion therapy in cancer patients with acquired defects of hemostasis. Thromb Res. [Internet]. 2014 [citado 5 junio 2022]; 133 Suppl 2:S56-62. DOI: 10.1016/S0049-3848(14)50010-2.
37. Kohorst M, Khazal S, Tewari P, Petropoulos D, Mescher B, Wang J, et al. Transfusion reactions in pediatric and adolescent young adult haematology oncology and immune effector cell patients. EClinical Medicine. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 7 junio 2022]; 26:100514. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclim.2020.100514.
38. Canatan D, Vives Corrons J, Piacentini G, Kara F, Keskinkılıç B, Tezel B, et al. Immigration and screening programs for hemoglobinopathies in Italy, Spain and Turkey. Acta Biomed. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 5 junio 2022]; 92(4):e2021410. DOI: 10.23750/abm. v92i4.11965.
39. Shah A, Patel P, Patel K, Patel B, Jariwala K, Sharma P, et al. Comparison of serology and molecular detection of common red cell antigens in multitransfused thalassemia major and sickle cell disease patients. TransfusApher Sci. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 8 junio 2022]; 59(1):102599. DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2019.06.026.
40. Diop S, Pirenne F. Transfusion and sickle cell anemia in Africa. Transfus Clin Biol. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 8 junio 2022]; 28(2):143-145. DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2021.01.013.
41. Fianza P, Rahmawati A, Widihastha S, Afifah S, Ghozali M, Indrajaya A, et al. Iron Overload in Transfusion-Dependent Indonesian Thalassemic Patients. Anemia. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 8 junio 2022]; 2021:5581831. DOI: 10.1155/2021/5581831.
42. Sarihi R, Oodi A, Dadkhah Tehrani R, Jalali S, Mardani F, Azarkeivan A, et al. Blood group genotyping in alloimmunized multi-transfused thalassemia patients from Iran. Mol Genet GenomicMed. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 7 junio 2022]; 9(7):e1701. DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1701.
43. Braga Lemos M, Rodrigues S, Schroeder T, Kulasekararaj A, Matos J, Tang D. Association between red blood cell transfusion dependence and burden in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Eur J Haematol. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 8 junio 2022]; 107(1):3-23. DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13619.
44. Pajares A. Comparación de técnicas inmunohematológicas. [Internet]. s/f [citado 10 junio 2022]. Disponible en: https://www.sochihem.cl/bases/arch1898.pdf.
45. Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. DiaPanel: Eritrocitos para identificación de anticuerpos. [Internet]. s/f [citado 10 junio 2022]. Disponible en: https://commerce.bio-rad.com/webroot/web/pdf/inserts/CDG/es/B109900_45241_10.13_GEFISP.pdf.
46. Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. DiaPanel. [Online]. 2022 [citado 10 junio 2022]. Disponible en: https://www.bio-rad.com/es-ec/product/diapanel?ID=LO4STT47B.
47. Ebrahimi M, Dayer D, Jalalifar M, Keikhaei B, TahanNejadAsadi Z. Association between HLA-DRB1*01 and HLA-DRB1*15 with alloimmunisation in transfusion-dependent patients with thalassaemia. TransfusMed. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 10 mayo 2022]; 30(4):275-280. DOI: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32227529/.
48. Pereira Bueno M, Mitestainer M, Da Silva J, Benites B, Roversi F. Red-cell alloimmunization profile in multi transfused patients: Findings and insights of a blood transfusion service. Transfus Clin Biol. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 10 mayo 2022]; 28(3):258-263. DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2021.04.006.
49. Pazgal I, Yahalom V, Shalev B, Raanani P, Stark P. Alloimmunization and autoimmunization in adult transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients: a report from a comprehensive center in Israel. Ann Hematol. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 10 mayo 2022]; 99(12):2731-2736. DOI: 10.1007/s00277-020-04104-4.
50. Franchini M, Forni G, Marano G, Cruciani M, Mengoli C, Pinto P, et al. Red blood cell alloimmunisation in transfusion-dependent thalassaemia: a systematic review. Blood Transfus. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 12 mayo 2022]; 17(1):4-15. DOI: 10.2450/2019.0229-18.
51. Rahimi-Levene N, Chezar J, Yahalom V, Israeli HDFN Study Group Investigators. Red blood cell alloimmunization prevalence and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn in Israel: A retrospective study. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 10 mayo 2022]; 60(11):2684-2690. DOI: 10.1111/trf.15987.
52. Lieberman L, Callum J, Cohen R, Cserti-Gazdewich C, Ladhani N, Buckstein J, et al. Impact of red blood cell alloimmunization on fetal and neonatal outcomes: A single center cohort study. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 15 mayo 2022]; 60(11):2537-2546. DOI: 10.1111/trf.16061.
53. El Kababi S, Benajiba M, El Khalfi B, Hachim J, Soukri A. Red blood cell alloimmunizations in beta-thalassemia patients in Casablanca/Morocco: Prevalence and risk factors. Transfus Clin Biol. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 14 mayo 2022]; 26(4):240-248. DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2019.06.004.
54. Baglo T, Zohoun A, Agboton B, Vigan J, Ayaka P, Anani L, et al. Red blood cell alloimmunization among polytransfused patients in the National Hospital and University Center of Cotonou: about 51 cases. Pan Afr Med J. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 14 mayo 2022]; 38:304. DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.38.304.28202.
55. El-Beshlawy, El-Beshlawy A, Salama A, El-Masry M, El Husseiny N, Abdelhameed A. A study of red blood cell alloimmunization and autoimmunization among 200 multitransfused Egyptian β thalassemia patients. Sci Rep. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 10 mayo 2022]; 10(1):21079. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78333-y.
56. Samarah F, Srour M, Yaseen D, Dumaidi K. Frequency of Red Blood Cell Alloimmunization in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease in Palestine. AdvHematol. [Internet]. 2018 [citado 17 mayo 2022]; 2018:5356245. DOI: 10.1155/2018/5356245.
57. Abu Taha A, Yaseen A, Suleiman S, Abu Zenah O, Ali H, Abu Seir R, et al. Study of Frequency and Characteristics of Red Blood Cell Alloimmunization in Thalassemic Patients: Multicenter Study from Palestine. Adv Hematol. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 15 mayo 2022]; 2019:3295786. DOI: 10.1155/2019/3295786.
58. Shin D, Kim H, Chung Y, Kim J, Hong Y, Park K, et al. Establishment and Utilization of a Transfusion Recipient Registry in Korea: Estimating the Frequencies of Specific Antigen-Negative Blood Units. Am J Clin Pathol. [Internet]. 2018 [citado 12 mayo 2022]; 150(2):154-161. DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqy044.
59. Erikstein B, Hagen K, Hervig T. RBC alloantibody prevalence and specificity in a Western Norwegian tertiary hospital. Transfus Med. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 18 mayo 2022]; 29(3):169-178. DOI: 10.1111/tme.12511.
60. Politou M, Valsami S, Dryllis G, Christodoulaki M, Cheropoulou C, Pouliakis A, et al. Retrospective Study on Prevalence, Specificity, Sex, and Age Distribution of Alloimmunization in Two General Hospitals in Athens. Turk J Haematol. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 16 mayo 2022]; 37(3):154-166. DOI: 10.4274/tjh.galenos.2020.2019.0459.
61. Núñez-Torres D, Chiriboga-Ponce R. Detección de aloinmunización en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica y terapia con hemodiálisis. Rev Mex Patol Clin MedLab. [Internet]. 2018 [citado 18 mayo 2022]; 65(3):145-149. Disponible en: https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=82735.
62. Poornima A, Fazal S, Shaiji P, Usha K, Kailas L. Red Blood Cell Alloimmunization in Multitransfused Pediatric Population in a Tertiary Care Hospital. Indian J Pediatr. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 28 mayo 2022]; 86(3):245-249. DOI: 10.1007/s12098-018-2815-9.
63. Romphruk A, Simtong P, Butryojantho C, Pimphumee R, Junta N, Srichai S, et al. The prevalence, alloimmunization risk factors, antigenic exposure, and evaluation of antigen-matched red blood cells for thalassemia transfusions: a 10-year experience at a tertiary care hospital. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 28 mayo 2022]; 59(1):177-184. DOI: 10.1111/trf.15002.
64. Mejía A, Palomino M, Linares R, Jiménez G. Frecuencia de estudios irregulares y factores asociados en pacientes con patología cardiaca. Rev Mex MedTransfus. [Internet]. 2018 [citado 30 mayo 2022]; 11(1):11-21. Disponible en: https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=84235.
65. Villa M, Pérez R, Cardona J. Detección de anticuerpos irregulares en pacientes transfundidos en una clínica de Medellín, Colombia entre 2007-2010. Hechos Microbiol. [Internet]. 2012 [citado 25 mayo 2022]; 3(2):17-24. Disponible en: https://revistas.udea.edu.co/index.php/hm/article/view/18733/16052.
66. Kim H, Cho E, Chun S, Kim K, Cho D. Red Blood Cell Alloimmunization in Korean Patients With Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Liver Cirrhosis. Ann Lab Med. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 10 mayo 2022]; 39(2):218-222. DOI: 10.3343/alm.2019.39.2.218.
67. Hindawi S, Badawi M, Elfayoumi R, Elgemmezi T, Al Hassani A, Raml M, et al. The value of transfusion of phenotyped blood units for thalassemia and sickle cell anemia patients at an academic center. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 10 mayo 2022]; 1:S15-S21. DOI: 10.1111/trf.15682.
68. Boateng L, Campbell A, Davenport R, Osei-Akoto A, Hugan S, Asamoah A, et al. Red blood cell alloimmunization and minor red blood cell antigen phenotypes in transfused Ghanaian patients with sickle cell disease. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 18 mayo 2022]; 59(6):2016-2022. DOI: 10.1111/trf.15197.
69. Tebuka E, Charles M, Bhuko J. Prevalence and risk factors for red blood cell alloimmunisation among sickle cell patients in Mwanza City, Tanzania. Afr J LabMed. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 25 mayo 2022]; 9(1):823. DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v9i1.823.
70. Rodrigues C, Sell A, Guelsin G, Higa T, Pagliarini E Silva S, Macedo L, et al. HLA polymorphisms and risk of red blood cell alloimmunization in polytransfused patients with sickle cell anaemia. TransfusMed. [Internet]. 2017 [citado 2 junio 2022]; 27(6):437-443. DOI: 10.1111/tme.12459.
71. Higuita Gutiérrez L, Flórez Duque J, Gómez Álvarez A, Patiño Carreño J. Prevalencia de Anticuerpos Irregulares en Pacientes Transfundidos en Medellín Colombia 2016-2018. Archivos de Medicina. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 10 mayo 2022]; 15(2):2. DOI: 10.3823/1414.
72. Singhal D, Kutyna M, Chhetri R, Wee L, Hague S, Nath L, et al. Red cell alloimmunization is associated with development of autoantibodies and increased red cell transfusion requirements in myelodysplastic syndrome. Haematologica. [Internet]. 2017 [citado 18 mayo 2022]; 102(12):2021-2029. DOI: 10.3324/hematol.2017.175752.
73. Gomes do Valle Neto O, Mendonca Alves V, de Araújo Pereira G, Moraes-Souza H, Juliano Martins P. Clinical and epidemiological profile of alloimmunized and autoimmunized multi-transfused patients against red blood cell antigens in a blood center of Minas Gerais. Hematoltransfuscellther. [Internet]. 2018 [citado 2 junio 2022]; 40(2):107–111. Disponible en: https://www.scielo.br/j/htct/a/VHdsRV9k78J96RpXgWcrpKd/?format=pdf&lang=en.
74. Trompeter S, Estcourt L, Mora A, Wong E, Collett D, Bolton-Maggs P, et al. The haemoglobinopathy survey: The reality of transfusion practice in sickle cell disease and thalassaemia in England. Transfus Med. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 10 mayo 2022]; 30(6):456-466. DOI: 10.1111/tme.12732.
75. Senavirathna S, Ranasinghe S, Thilakarathne Y. Estimation of prevalence of red cell alloantibodies in patients with Beta Thalassaemia Major in Sri Lanka. Ceylon Med J. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 2 junio 2022]; 66(2):96-99. DOI: 10.4038/cmj.v66i2.9472.
76. Yusoff S, Bahar R, Hassan M, Noor N, Ramli M, Shafii N. Prevalence of Red Blood Cell Alloimmunization among Transfused Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in Hospital UniversitiSains Malaysia. Oman Med J. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 15 mayo 2022]; 35(5):e177. DOI: 10.5001/omj.2020.95.
77. Campbell-Lee S, Gvozdjan K, Choi K, Chen Y, Saraf S, Hsu L, et al. Red blood cell alloimmunization in sickle cell disease: assessment of transfusion protocols during two time periods. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2018 [citado 15 mayo 2022]; 58(7):1588-1596. DOI: 10.1111/trf.14588.
78. Shigemura T, Yanagisawa R, Komori K, Morita D, Kurata T, Tanaka M, et al. Prevention of transfusion-transmitted cytomegalovirus infection using leukoreduced blood components in patients receiving seronegative umbilical cord blood transplantation. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 2 junio 2022]; 59(10):3065-3070. DOI: 10.1111/trf.15456.
79. Kasraian L, Khodadi E, Talei A, Morvarid M, Haddadi D, Foruozandeh H. Red Blood Cell Alloimmunization Rates and Related Factors of Patients with Thalassemia in Shiraz, Iran. Lab Med. [Internet]. 2022 [citado 2 junio 2022]; 53(2):194-198. DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmab079.
80. Olofson A, Chandler R, Marx-Wood C, Babcock C, Dunbar N. Increased alloimmunisation and transfusion reaction reporting in patients with solid-phase panreactivity. J Clin Pathol. [Internet]. 2017 [citado 3 junio 2022]; 70(11):981-983. DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2017-204355.
81. Pessoni L, Ferreira M, Silva J, Alcântara K. Red blood cell alloimmunization among hospitalized patients: transfusion reactions and low alloantibody identification rate. HematolTransfus Cell Ther. [Internet]. 2018 [citado 12 mayo 2022]; 40(4):326-331. DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2018.04.001.
82. Gholami M, Shahidi M, Tabibian S, Naderi M, Dorgalaleh A. Genotyping of blood groups in alloimmunized patients with β-thalassemia major by T-ARMS-PCR and multiplex-aso-pcr. TransfusApher Sci. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 2 junio 2022]; 60(1):102984. DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102984.
83. Yaseen A, Suleiman S, Zenah O, Abu Taha A. Red blood-cell alloantibodies in multiply transfused patients in the occupied Palestinian territory: a pilot study. Lancet. [Internet]. 2018 [citado 18 mayo 2022]; 391Suppl2:S4. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30370-2.
84. El-Sayed H, Abdollah M, Raafat S, Ragab D. Monocyte monolayer assay in pre-transfusion testing: A magic key in transfusing patients with recurrent bad cross-match due to alloimmunization. J Immunol Methods. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 10 mayo 2022]; 492:112968. DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.112968.
85. Selleng K, Jenichen G, Denker K, Selleng S, Müllejans B, Greinacher A. Emergency transfusion of patients with unknown blood type with blood group O Rhesus D positive red blood cell concentrates: a prospective, single-centre, observational study. Lancet Haematol. [Internet]. 2017 [citado 20 mayo 2022]; 4(5):e218-e224. DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3026(17)30051-0.
86. El Fetouh R, Elmoniem G, Allam R, Sobeih M, Kamel M, Radwan S. Frequency and specificity of Red blood cell alloantibodies in multitransfused Egyptian patients with hematological and nonhematological malignancies. TransfusApher Sci. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 30 mayo 2022]; 59(6):102909. DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102909.
87. Delaney M, Apelseth T, Bonet Bub C, Cohn C, Dunbar N, Mauro Kutner J, et al. Red-blood-cell alloimmunization and prophylactic antigen matching for transfusion in patients with warm autoantibodies. Vox Sang. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 15 mayo 2022]; 115(6):515-524. DOI: 10.1111/vox.12914.
88. Bhuva D, Vachhani J. Red cell alloimmunization in repeatedly transfused patients. Asian J Transfus Sci. [Internet]. 2017 [citado 30 mayo 2022]; 11(2):115-120. DOI: 10.4103/0973-6247.214347.
89. Felimban R, Sumeda S. Distribution of Kell antigens K, k, Kpa, and Kpb among blood donors in Jeddah city of Western Saudi Arabia. Asian J TransfusSci. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 3 diciembre 2021]; 15(1):75-81. DOI: 10.4103 / ajts.AJTS_109_19.
90. Wu CL, He JA, Gu DY, Shao YH, Dang XT, Zhu Y, et al. [Screening and Identification of Blood Group Alloantibody by Surface Plasmon Resonance Technique and Its Preliminary Application]. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye XueZaZhi. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 2 junio 2022]; 27(2):557-562. DOI: 10.19746/j.cnki.issn.1009-2137.2019.02.040
91. Belizaire R, Mack J, Kadauke S, Kim Y, Saidman S, Makar R. Red blood cell alloantibodies are associated with increased alloimmunization against human leukocyte antigens. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 2 mayo 2022]; 59(7):2256-2263. DOI: 10.1111/trf.15306.
92. Davoudi-Kiakalayeh A, Mohammadi R, Pourfathollah A, Siery Z, Davoudi-Kiakalayeh S. Alloimmunization in Thalassemia Patients: New Insight for Healthcare. Int J Prev Med. [Internet]. 2017 [citado 28 mayo 2022]; 8:101. DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_246_16.
93. Sawierucha J, Posset M, Hähnel V, Johnson C, Hutchinson J, Ahrens N. Comparison of two column agglutination tests for red blood cell antibody testing. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2018 [citado 5 junio 2022]; 13(12):e0210099. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210099.
94. Blomme S, De Maertelaere E, Verhoye E. A comparison of three column agglutination tests for red blood cell alloantibody identification. BMC Res Notes. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 5 junio 2022]; 4;13(1):129. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-04974-x.
95. Orlando N, Bianchi M, Valentini C, Maresca M, Massini G, Putzulu R, et al. Red Cell Alloantibody Screening: Comparative Analysis of Three Different Technologies. Transfus Med Hemother. [Internet]. 2018 [citado 25 mayo 2022]; 45(3):179-183. DOI: 10.1159/000484570.
96. Hosseini M, Jafari L, Shiri Heris R, Gharehbaghian A. Red blood cell alloimmunization in Iran: A Comprehensive review of the literature. Asian J TransfusSci. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 12 junio 2022]; 14(1):4-8. DOI: 10.4103/ajts.AJTS_137_17.
97. Khojah A, Felimban R, Kabrah S, Alqasmi M. Prevalence of Kell Blood Group System in Blood Donors of Makkah City, Saudi Arabia. Clin Lab. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 12 junio 2022]; 67(6). DOI: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2020.200946.
98. Chargoy-Vivaldo E, Azcona-Cruz M, Ramírez-Ayala R. Prevalencia del antígeno Kell (K+) en muestras obtenidas en un banco de sangre. RevHematol Mex. [Internet]. 2016 [citado 12 junio 2022]; 17(2):114-122. Disponible en: https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/hematologia/re-2016/re162g.pdf.
99. Ulloa León A, Crespo Proaño C, Chiriboga Ponce R. Prevalencia de anticuerpos anti-eritrocitarios en donantes voluntarios de sangre Ecuatorianos. Acta bioquím. clín. latinoam. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 12 junio 2022]; 53(3):323-330. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0325-29572019000300004.
100. Makkawi M, Alasmari S, Hawan A, Shahrani M, Dera A. Hemoglobinopathies: An update on the prevalence trends in Southern Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 12 junio 2022]; 42(7):784-789. DOI: 10.15537/smj.2021.42.7.20210273.
101. Brousse V, Rees D. Sickle cell disease: More than a century of progress. Where do we stand now? Indian J Med Res. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 13 junio 2022]; 154(1):4-7. DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1435_21.
102. Hassan T, Badr M, Hanna D, Arafa M, Elhewala A, Dabour S, et al. Retinopathy in Egyptian patients with sickle cell disease: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore). [Internet]. 2021 [citado 12 junio 2022]; 100(51):e28355. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000028355.
103. Al-Saqladi A, Maddi D, Al-Sadeeq A. Blood Transfusion Frequency and Indications in Yemeni Children with Sickle Cell Disease. Anemia. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 14 junio 2022]; 2020:7080264. DOI: 10.1155/2020/7080264.
104. Hulbert M, Panepinto J, Scott J, Liem R, Cook L, Simmons T, et al. Red blood cell transfusions during sickle cell anemia vaso-occlusive crises: a report from the magnesium in crisis (MAGiC) study. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2017 [citado 13 junio 2022]; 57(8):1891-1897. DOI: 10.1111/trf.14155.
105. Sanz C, Nomdedeu M, Belkaid M, Martinez I, Nomdedeu B, Pereira A. Red blood cell alloimmunization in transfused patients with myelodysplastic syndrome or chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2013 [citado 12 junio 2022]; 53(4):710-5. DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03819.x.
106. MSP. Fortalecimiento del Ministerio de Salud Pública en el Sistema Nacional de Sangre. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 13 junio 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.salud.gob.ec/fortalecimiento-del-ministerio-de-salud-publica-en-el-sistema-nacional-de-sangre/.
107. Domínguez Y, Zurita C, Calvopiña D, Villacís J, Mora M. Prevalenceofcommonhemoglobinvariants in an afro-descendentEcuadorianpopulation. BMC Res Notes. [Internet]. 2013 [citado 14 junio 2022]; 6:132. DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-132.
108. Duran J, Figueiredo M. Antibody screening in 37 degrees C saline. Is it safe to omit it using the indirect antiglobulin (gel) test? Immunohematology. [Internet]. 2002 [citado 14 junio 2022]; 18(1):13-5. PMID: 15373569.
109. Novaretti M, Silveira E, Filho E, Dorlhiac-Llacer P, Chamone D. Comparison of tube and gel techniques for antibody identification. Immunohematology. [Internet]. 2000 [citado 14 junio 2022]; 16(4):138-41. PMID: 15373604.
110. Judd W, Steiner E, Knafl P, Masters C. The gel test: use in the identification of unexpected antibodies to blood group antigens. Immunohematology. [Internet]. 1998 [citado 15 junio 2022]; 14(2):59-62. PMID: 15377198.
111. Gader A, al-Momen A, Dahal O. An evaluation of a new gel system (ID-gel) for antibody screening and identification. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. [Internet]. 1993 [citado 14 junio 2022]; 24 Suppl 1:256-8. PMID: 7886590.
112. Lapierre Y, Rigal D, Adam J, Josef D, Meyer F, Greber S, et al. The gel test: a new way to detect red cell antigen-antibody reactions. Transfusion. [Internet]. 1990 [citado 14 junio 2022]; 30(2):109-13. DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.1990.30290162894. x.
2. Seck M, Senghor A, Loum M, Touré S, Faye B, Diallo A, et al. Transfusion Practice, Post-Transfusion Complications and Risk Factors in Sickle Cell Disease in Senegal, West Africa. Mediterr J HematolInfectDis. [Internet]. 2022 [citado 5 mayo 2022]; 14(1): e2022004. DOI: 10.4084/MJHID.2022.004.
3. Hassan M, Mohd Noor N, Johan Noor S, Sukri S, Mustafa R, Luc Aster H. Hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn due to maternal red blood cell alloantibodies in the Malay population. Asian J Transfus Sci. [Internet]. 2014 [citado 2 junio 2022]; 8(2):113-7. DOI: 10.4103/0973-6247.137449.
4. Karim F, Moiz B, Kamran N. Risk of maternal alloimmunization in Southern Pakistan - a study in a cohort of 1000 pregnant women. TransfusApher Sci. [Internet]. 2015 [citado 2 junio 2022]; 52(1):99-102. DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2014.12.002.
5. Chou S, Jackson T, Vege S, Smith-Whitley K, Friedman D, Westhoff C. High prevalence of red blood cell alloimmunization in sickle cell disease despite transfusion from Rh-matched minority donors. Blood. [Internet]. 2013 [citado 4 junio 2022]; 122(6):1062-71. DOI: 10.1182/sangre-2013-03-490623.
6. Adewoyin A, Daramola O, Ogbenna A, Adeyemo T. Immune erythrocyte antibodies in adult patients with sickle cell disease and blood donors in Lagos, Nigeria: a comparative study. Immunohematology. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 14 junio 2022]; 37(3):131-137. DOI: 10.21307/inmunohematología-2021-020.
7. Chhetri R, Wee L, Sinha R, Kutyna M, Pham A, Stathopoulos H, et al. Red cell autoimmunization and alloimmunization in myelodysplastic syndromes: prevalence, characteristic and significance. Haematologica. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 4 mayo 2022]; 104(10): e451-e454. DOI: 10.3324/hematol.2018.215087.
8. Valle Neto O, Alves V, Pereira G, Moraes-Souza H, Martins P. Clinical and epidemiological profile of alloimmunized and autoimmunized multi-transfused patients against red blood cell antigens in a blood center of Minas Gerais. HematolTransfus Cell Ther. [Internet]. 2018 [citado 2 mayo 2022]; 40(2):107-111. DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2017.08.001.
9. Chaudhari C. Red Cell Alloantibodies in Multiple Transfused Thalassaemia Patients. Med J Armed Forces India. [Internet]. 2011 [citado 5 junio 2022]; 67(1):34-7. DOI: 10.1016/S0377-1237(11)80008-0.
10. Pahuja S, Gupta S, Pujani M, Jain M. The prevalence of irregular erythrocyte antibodies among antenatal women in Delhi. Blood Transfus. [Internet]. 2011 [citado 2 junio 2022]; 9(4):388-93. DOI: 10.2450/2011.0050-10.
11. Dholakiya S, Bharadva S, Vachhani J, Upadhyay B. Red cell alloimmunization among antenatal women attending tertiary care center in Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. Asian J TransfusSci. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 5 junio 2022]; 15(1):52-56. DOI: 10.4103/ajts.AJTS_72_17.
12. Matteocci A, Pierelli L. Red blood cell alloimmunization in sickle cell disease and in thalassaemia: current status, future perspectives and potential role of molecular typing. Vox Sang. [Internet]. 2014 [citado 7 junio 2022]; 106(3):197-208. DOI: 10.1111/vox.12086.
13. Nagervadze M, Tsintsadze I, Akhvlediani L, Koiava T, Tskvitinidze S, Khukhunaishvili R, et al. ABO system combination with Rh, Kell and MN group in Georgian blood donors. Am J Blood Res. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 3 diciembre 2021]; 11(2):132-139. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8165715/.
14. Prinja N, Narain R. ABO, Rh, and kell blood group antigen frequencies in blood donors at the tertiary care hospital of Northwestern India. Asian J TransfusSci. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 17 agosto 2021]; 14(2):179-184. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7983138/.
15. Gajjar M, Patel T, Bhatnagar N, Patel K, Shah M, Prajapati A, et al. Partial phenotyping in voluntary blood donors of Gujarat State. Asian J Transfus Sci. [Internet]. 2016 [citado 17 agosto 2021]; 10(1):67-70. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4782498/.
16. Solheim B. Provision of K- (KEL1-) blood to women not more than 50 years of age. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2015 [citado 3 diciembre 2021]; 55(3):468-9. DOI: 10.1111 / trf.12988.
17. Vásquez Rojas M, Castillo Espinosa D, Pavez Espinoza Y, Maldonado Rojas M, Mena Leiva A. Frecuencia de antígenos del sistema sanguíneo Rh y del sistema Kell en donantes de sangre. Rev CubanaHematolInmunolHemoter. [Internet]. 2015 [citado 12 junio 2022]; 31(2):160-171. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-02892015000200007#tab1.
18. Luken J, Folman C, Lukens M, Meekers J, Ligthart P, Schonewille H, et al. Reduction of anti-K-mediated hemolytic disease of newborns after the introduction of a matched transfusion policy: A nation-wide policy change evaluation study in the Netherlands. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 3 diciembre 2021]; 61(3):713-721. DOI: 10.1111 / trf.16276.
19. Lawicki S, Covin R, Powers A. The Kidd (JK) Blood Group System. TransfusMed Rev. [Internet]. 2017 [citado 4 diciembre 2021]; 31(3):165-172. DOI: 10.1016 / j. tmrv.2016.10.003.
20. Subramaniyan R. Serological characteristics of Lewis antibodies and their clinical significance - A case series. HematolTransfus Cell Ther. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 3 diciembre 2021]; S2531-1379(21)01288-8. DOI: 10.1016 / j.htct.2021.07.007.
21. Gayathri A, Gupta D. Case series investigation on the Lewis system antibodies encountered during a routine screening in a tertiary care hospital-based blood center. Asian J TransfusSci. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 3 diciembre 2021]; 14(1):54-56. DOI: 10.4103 / ajts.AJTS_60_19.
22. Łukasik E, Waśniowska K. Antygenyukładugrupowego Duffy: budowa, właściwościserologiczne i funkcja [Duffy bloodgroupantigens: structure, serologicalproperties and function]. PostepyHigMedDosw. [Internet]. 2016 [citado 4 diciembre 2021]; 70:143-61. DOI: 10.5604 / 17322693.1196360.
23. Martins M, Da Silva A, Santos H, Alves M, Schmidt L, Vertchenko S, et al. Duffy blood group system: New genotyping method and distribution in a Brazilian extra-Amazonian population. Mol Cell Probes. [Internet]. 2017 [citado 3 diciembre 2021]; 35:20-26. DOI: 10.1016 / j.mcp.2017.06.001.
24. American Asocciation of Blood Banks. Manual Técnico AABB. 17th ed. Buenos Aires: Asociación Argentina de Hemoterapia e Inmunohematología; 2012.
25. Langer I, Visentainer J, Zacarias J, Grilo K, Hatschbach P, Zimmermann R, et al. Genotyping of Dombrock and Lutheran blood group systems in blood donors from the southwestern region of the state of Paraná, Southern Brazil. HematolTransfus Cell Ther. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 4 diciembre 2021]; 41(1):25-30. DOI: 10.1016 / j.htct.2018.06.001.
26. Garcia-Sanchez F, Pardi C, Kupatawintu P, Thornton N, Rodriguez M, Lucea I, et al. Identification of new KLF1 and LU alleles during the resolution of Lutheran typing discrepancies. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2016 [citado 3 diciembre 2021]; 56(6):1413-8. DOI: 10.1111 / trf.13556.
27. Simancas-Racines D, Montero-Oleas N, Vernooij R, Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Fuentes P, Gich I, et al. Quality of clinical practice guidelines about red blood cell transfusion. J Evid Based Med. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 7 junio 2022]; 12(2):113-124. DOI: 10.1111/jebm.12330.
28. Linder G, Chou S. Red cell transfusion and alloimmunization in sickle cell disease. Haematologica. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 8 junio 2022]; 106(7):1805-1815. DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.270546.
29. OMS. Disponibilidad y seguridad de la sangre. [Internet]. 2022 [citado 2 junio 2022]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blood-safety-and-availability.
30. Palma B. Aspectos generales de la transfusión de sangre y sus componentes. RevMedVozandes. [Internet]. 2018 [citado 10 mayo 2022]; 29:83-90. Disponible en: https://revistamedicavozandes.com/media/2018/RMV2018v29n1-2_RC_01.pdf.
31. Jang M, Cho D, Park K, Yazer M, Shin M, Shin J, et al. Autoantibodies with mimicking specificity detected by the dilution technique in patients with warm autoantibodies. Ann Lab Med. [Internet]. 2013 [citado 12 diciembre 2021]; 33(5):343-8. DOI: 10.3343 / alm.2013.33.5.343.
32. Meybohm P, Richards T, Isbister J, Hofmann A, Shander A, Goodnough L, et al. Patient Blood Management Bundles to Facilitate Implementation. Transfus Med Rev. [Internet]. 2017 [citado 25 mayo 2022]; 31(1):62-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2016.05.012.
33. Helmer P, Hottenrott P, Steinisch A, Röder D, Schubert J, Steigerwald U, et al. Avoidable Blood Loss in Critical Care and Patient Blood Management: Scoping Review of Diagnostic Blood Loss. J Clin Med. [Internet]. 2022 [citado 8 junio 2022]; 11(2):320. DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020320.
34. Bolcato M, Beverina I, Rodriguez D, Aprile A, TrabuccoAurilio M. Organizational Strategies for the Management of Intravenous Iron Therapy in Non-Hospitalized Settings: A Safe Opportunity to Implement Patient Blood Management in Italy. Healthcare (Basel). [Internet]. 2021 [citado 7 junio 2022]; 9(9):1222. DOI: 10.3390/salud9091222.
35. La Rosa M. Protocolo de transfusión masiva en obstetricia. Rev. Perú. ginecol. obstet. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 30 mayo 2022]; 66(1):67-72. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?pid=S2304-51322020000100067&script=sci_arttext.
36. Federici A, Intini D, Lattuada A, Vanelli C, Arrigoni L, Sacchi E, et al. Supportive transfusion therapy in cancer patients with acquired defects of hemostasis. Thromb Res. [Internet]. 2014 [citado 5 junio 2022]; 133 Suppl 2:S56-62. DOI: 10.1016/S0049-3848(14)50010-2.
37. Kohorst M, Khazal S, Tewari P, Petropoulos D, Mescher B, Wang J, et al. Transfusion reactions in pediatric and adolescent young adult haematology oncology and immune effector cell patients. EClinical Medicine. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 7 junio 2022]; 26:100514. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclim.2020.100514.
38. Canatan D, Vives Corrons J, Piacentini G, Kara F, Keskinkılıç B, Tezel B, et al. Immigration and screening programs for hemoglobinopathies in Italy, Spain and Turkey. Acta Biomed. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 5 junio 2022]; 92(4):e2021410. DOI: 10.23750/abm. v92i4.11965.
39. Shah A, Patel P, Patel K, Patel B, Jariwala K, Sharma P, et al. Comparison of serology and molecular detection of common red cell antigens in multitransfused thalassemia major and sickle cell disease patients. TransfusApher Sci. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 8 junio 2022]; 59(1):102599. DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2019.06.026.
40. Diop S, Pirenne F. Transfusion and sickle cell anemia in Africa. Transfus Clin Biol. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 8 junio 2022]; 28(2):143-145. DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2021.01.013.
41. Fianza P, Rahmawati A, Widihastha S, Afifah S, Ghozali M, Indrajaya A, et al. Iron Overload in Transfusion-Dependent Indonesian Thalassemic Patients. Anemia. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 8 junio 2022]; 2021:5581831. DOI: 10.1155/2021/5581831.
42. Sarihi R, Oodi A, Dadkhah Tehrani R, Jalali S, Mardani F, Azarkeivan A, et al. Blood group genotyping in alloimmunized multi-transfused thalassemia patients from Iran. Mol Genet GenomicMed. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 7 junio 2022]; 9(7):e1701. DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1701.
43. Braga Lemos M, Rodrigues S, Schroeder T, Kulasekararaj A, Matos J, Tang D. Association between red blood cell transfusion dependence and burden in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Eur J Haematol. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 8 junio 2022]; 107(1):3-23. DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13619.
44. Pajares A. Comparación de técnicas inmunohematológicas. [Internet]. s/f [citado 10 junio 2022]. Disponible en: https://www.sochihem.cl/bases/arch1898.pdf.
45. Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. DiaPanel: Eritrocitos para identificación de anticuerpos. [Internet]. s/f [citado 10 junio 2022]. Disponible en: https://commerce.bio-rad.com/webroot/web/pdf/inserts/CDG/es/B109900_45241_10.13_GEFISP.pdf.
46. Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. DiaPanel. [Online]. 2022 [citado 10 junio 2022]. Disponible en: https://www.bio-rad.com/es-ec/product/diapanel?ID=LO4STT47B.
47. Ebrahimi M, Dayer D, Jalalifar M, Keikhaei B, TahanNejadAsadi Z. Association between HLA-DRB1*01 and HLA-DRB1*15 with alloimmunisation in transfusion-dependent patients with thalassaemia. TransfusMed. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 10 mayo 2022]; 30(4):275-280. DOI: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32227529/.
48. Pereira Bueno M, Mitestainer M, Da Silva J, Benites B, Roversi F. Red-cell alloimmunization profile in multi transfused patients: Findings and insights of a blood transfusion service. Transfus Clin Biol. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 10 mayo 2022]; 28(3):258-263. DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2021.04.006.
49. Pazgal I, Yahalom V, Shalev B, Raanani P, Stark P. Alloimmunization and autoimmunization in adult transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients: a report from a comprehensive center in Israel. Ann Hematol. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 10 mayo 2022]; 99(12):2731-2736. DOI: 10.1007/s00277-020-04104-4.
50. Franchini M, Forni G, Marano G, Cruciani M, Mengoli C, Pinto P, et al. Red blood cell alloimmunisation in transfusion-dependent thalassaemia: a systematic review. Blood Transfus. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 12 mayo 2022]; 17(1):4-15. DOI: 10.2450/2019.0229-18.
51. Rahimi-Levene N, Chezar J, Yahalom V, Israeli HDFN Study Group Investigators. Red blood cell alloimmunization prevalence and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn in Israel: A retrospective study. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 10 mayo 2022]; 60(11):2684-2690. DOI: 10.1111/trf.15987.
52. Lieberman L, Callum J, Cohen R, Cserti-Gazdewich C, Ladhani N, Buckstein J, et al. Impact of red blood cell alloimmunization on fetal and neonatal outcomes: A single center cohort study. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 15 mayo 2022]; 60(11):2537-2546. DOI: 10.1111/trf.16061.
53. El Kababi S, Benajiba M, El Khalfi B, Hachim J, Soukri A. Red blood cell alloimmunizations in beta-thalassemia patients in Casablanca/Morocco: Prevalence and risk factors. Transfus Clin Biol. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 14 mayo 2022]; 26(4):240-248. DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2019.06.004.
54. Baglo T, Zohoun A, Agboton B, Vigan J, Ayaka P, Anani L, et al. Red blood cell alloimmunization among polytransfused patients in the National Hospital and University Center of Cotonou: about 51 cases. Pan Afr Med J. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 14 mayo 2022]; 38:304. DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.38.304.28202.
55. El-Beshlawy, El-Beshlawy A, Salama A, El-Masry M, El Husseiny N, Abdelhameed A. A study of red blood cell alloimmunization and autoimmunization among 200 multitransfused Egyptian β thalassemia patients. Sci Rep. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 10 mayo 2022]; 10(1):21079. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78333-y.
56. Samarah F, Srour M, Yaseen D, Dumaidi K. Frequency of Red Blood Cell Alloimmunization in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease in Palestine. AdvHematol. [Internet]. 2018 [citado 17 mayo 2022]; 2018:5356245. DOI: 10.1155/2018/5356245.
57. Abu Taha A, Yaseen A, Suleiman S, Abu Zenah O, Ali H, Abu Seir R, et al. Study of Frequency and Characteristics of Red Blood Cell Alloimmunization in Thalassemic Patients: Multicenter Study from Palestine. Adv Hematol. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 15 mayo 2022]; 2019:3295786. DOI: 10.1155/2019/3295786.
58. Shin D, Kim H, Chung Y, Kim J, Hong Y, Park K, et al. Establishment and Utilization of a Transfusion Recipient Registry in Korea: Estimating the Frequencies of Specific Antigen-Negative Blood Units. Am J Clin Pathol. [Internet]. 2018 [citado 12 mayo 2022]; 150(2):154-161. DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqy044.
59. Erikstein B, Hagen K, Hervig T. RBC alloantibody prevalence and specificity in a Western Norwegian tertiary hospital. Transfus Med. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 18 mayo 2022]; 29(3):169-178. DOI: 10.1111/tme.12511.
60. Politou M, Valsami S, Dryllis G, Christodoulaki M, Cheropoulou C, Pouliakis A, et al. Retrospective Study on Prevalence, Specificity, Sex, and Age Distribution of Alloimmunization in Two General Hospitals in Athens. Turk J Haematol. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 16 mayo 2022]; 37(3):154-166. DOI: 10.4274/tjh.galenos.2020.2019.0459.
61. Núñez-Torres D, Chiriboga-Ponce R. Detección de aloinmunización en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica y terapia con hemodiálisis. Rev Mex Patol Clin MedLab. [Internet]. 2018 [citado 18 mayo 2022]; 65(3):145-149. Disponible en: https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=82735.
62. Poornima A, Fazal S, Shaiji P, Usha K, Kailas L. Red Blood Cell Alloimmunization in Multitransfused Pediatric Population in a Tertiary Care Hospital. Indian J Pediatr. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 28 mayo 2022]; 86(3):245-249. DOI: 10.1007/s12098-018-2815-9.
63. Romphruk A, Simtong P, Butryojantho C, Pimphumee R, Junta N, Srichai S, et al. The prevalence, alloimmunization risk factors, antigenic exposure, and evaluation of antigen-matched red blood cells for thalassemia transfusions: a 10-year experience at a tertiary care hospital. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 28 mayo 2022]; 59(1):177-184. DOI: 10.1111/trf.15002.
64. Mejía A, Palomino M, Linares R, Jiménez G. Frecuencia de estudios irregulares y factores asociados en pacientes con patología cardiaca. Rev Mex MedTransfus. [Internet]. 2018 [citado 30 mayo 2022]; 11(1):11-21. Disponible en: https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=84235.
65. Villa M, Pérez R, Cardona J. Detección de anticuerpos irregulares en pacientes transfundidos en una clínica de Medellín, Colombia entre 2007-2010. Hechos Microbiol. [Internet]. 2012 [citado 25 mayo 2022]; 3(2):17-24. Disponible en: https://revistas.udea.edu.co/index.php/hm/article/view/18733/16052.
66. Kim H, Cho E, Chun S, Kim K, Cho D. Red Blood Cell Alloimmunization in Korean Patients With Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Liver Cirrhosis. Ann Lab Med. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 10 mayo 2022]; 39(2):218-222. DOI: 10.3343/alm.2019.39.2.218.
67. Hindawi S, Badawi M, Elfayoumi R, Elgemmezi T, Al Hassani A, Raml M, et al. The value of transfusion of phenotyped blood units for thalassemia and sickle cell anemia patients at an academic center. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 10 mayo 2022]; 1:S15-S21. DOI: 10.1111/trf.15682.
68. Boateng L, Campbell A, Davenport R, Osei-Akoto A, Hugan S, Asamoah A, et al. Red blood cell alloimmunization and minor red blood cell antigen phenotypes in transfused Ghanaian patients with sickle cell disease. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 18 mayo 2022]; 59(6):2016-2022. DOI: 10.1111/trf.15197.
69. Tebuka E, Charles M, Bhuko J. Prevalence and risk factors for red blood cell alloimmunisation among sickle cell patients in Mwanza City, Tanzania. Afr J LabMed. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 25 mayo 2022]; 9(1):823. DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v9i1.823.
70. Rodrigues C, Sell A, Guelsin G, Higa T, Pagliarini E Silva S, Macedo L, et al. HLA polymorphisms and risk of red blood cell alloimmunization in polytransfused patients with sickle cell anaemia. TransfusMed. [Internet]. 2017 [citado 2 junio 2022]; 27(6):437-443. DOI: 10.1111/tme.12459.
71. Higuita Gutiérrez L, Flórez Duque J, Gómez Álvarez A, Patiño Carreño J. Prevalencia de Anticuerpos Irregulares en Pacientes Transfundidos en Medellín Colombia 2016-2018. Archivos de Medicina. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 10 mayo 2022]; 15(2):2. DOI: 10.3823/1414.
72. Singhal D, Kutyna M, Chhetri R, Wee L, Hague S, Nath L, et al. Red cell alloimmunization is associated with development of autoantibodies and increased red cell transfusion requirements in myelodysplastic syndrome. Haematologica. [Internet]. 2017 [citado 18 mayo 2022]; 102(12):2021-2029. DOI: 10.3324/hematol.2017.175752.
73. Gomes do Valle Neto O, Mendonca Alves V, de Araújo Pereira G, Moraes-Souza H, Juliano Martins P. Clinical and epidemiological profile of alloimmunized and autoimmunized multi-transfused patients against red blood cell antigens in a blood center of Minas Gerais. Hematoltransfuscellther. [Internet]. 2018 [citado 2 junio 2022]; 40(2):107–111. Disponible en: https://www.scielo.br/j/htct/a/VHdsRV9k78J96RpXgWcrpKd/?format=pdf&lang=en.
74. Trompeter S, Estcourt L, Mora A, Wong E, Collett D, Bolton-Maggs P, et al. The haemoglobinopathy survey: The reality of transfusion practice in sickle cell disease and thalassaemia in England. Transfus Med. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 10 mayo 2022]; 30(6):456-466. DOI: 10.1111/tme.12732.
75. Senavirathna S, Ranasinghe S, Thilakarathne Y. Estimation of prevalence of red cell alloantibodies in patients with Beta Thalassaemia Major in Sri Lanka. Ceylon Med J. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 2 junio 2022]; 66(2):96-99. DOI: 10.4038/cmj.v66i2.9472.
76. Yusoff S, Bahar R, Hassan M, Noor N, Ramli M, Shafii N. Prevalence of Red Blood Cell Alloimmunization among Transfused Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in Hospital UniversitiSains Malaysia. Oman Med J. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 15 mayo 2022]; 35(5):e177. DOI: 10.5001/omj.2020.95.
77. Campbell-Lee S, Gvozdjan K, Choi K, Chen Y, Saraf S, Hsu L, et al. Red blood cell alloimmunization in sickle cell disease: assessment of transfusion protocols during two time periods. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2018 [citado 15 mayo 2022]; 58(7):1588-1596. DOI: 10.1111/trf.14588.
78. Shigemura T, Yanagisawa R, Komori K, Morita D, Kurata T, Tanaka M, et al. Prevention of transfusion-transmitted cytomegalovirus infection using leukoreduced blood components in patients receiving seronegative umbilical cord blood transplantation. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 2 junio 2022]; 59(10):3065-3070. DOI: 10.1111/trf.15456.
79. Kasraian L, Khodadi E, Talei A, Morvarid M, Haddadi D, Foruozandeh H. Red Blood Cell Alloimmunization Rates and Related Factors of Patients with Thalassemia in Shiraz, Iran. Lab Med. [Internet]. 2022 [citado 2 junio 2022]; 53(2):194-198. DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmab079.
80. Olofson A, Chandler R, Marx-Wood C, Babcock C, Dunbar N. Increased alloimmunisation and transfusion reaction reporting in patients with solid-phase panreactivity. J Clin Pathol. [Internet]. 2017 [citado 3 junio 2022]; 70(11):981-983. DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2017-204355.
81. Pessoni L, Ferreira M, Silva J, Alcântara K. Red blood cell alloimmunization among hospitalized patients: transfusion reactions and low alloantibody identification rate. HematolTransfus Cell Ther. [Internet]. 2018 [citado 12 mayo 2022]; 40(4):326-331. DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2018.04.001.
82. Gholami M, Shahidi M, Tabibian S, Naderi M, Dorgalaleh A. Genotyping of blood groups in alloimmunized patients with β-thalassemia major by T-ARMS-PCR and multiplex-aso-pcr. TransfusApher Sci. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 2 junio 2022]; 60(1):102984. DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102984.
83. Yaseen A, Suleiman S, Zenah O, Abu Taha A. Red blood-cell alloantibodies in multiply transfused patients in the occupied Palestinian territory: a pilot study. Lancet. [Internet]. 2018 [citado 18 mayo 2022]; 391Suppl2:S4. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30370-2.
84. El-Sayed H, Abdollah M, Raafat S, Ragab D. Monocyte monolayer assay in pre-transfusion testing: A magic key in transfusing patients with recurrent bad cross-match due to alloimmunization. J Immunol Methods. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 10 mayo 2022]; 492:112968. DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.112968.
85. Selleng K, Jenichen G, Denker K, Selleng S, Müllejans B, Greinacher A. Emergency transfusion of patients with unknown blood type with blood group O Rhesus D positive red blood cell concentrates: a prospective, single-centre, observational study. Lancet Haematol. [Internet]. 2017 [citado 20 mayo 2022]; 4(5):e218-e224. DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3026(17)30051-0.
86. El Fetouh R, Elmoniem G, Allam R, Sobeih M, Kamel M, Radwan S. Frequency and specificity of Red blood cell alloantibodies in multitransfused Egyptian patients with hematological and nonhematological malignancies. TransfusApher Sci. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 30 mayo 2022]; 59(6):102909. DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102909.
87. Delaney M, Apelseth T, Bonet Bub C, Cohn C, Dunbar N, Mauro Kutner J, et al. Red-blood-cell alloimmunization and prophylactic antigen matching for transfusion in patients with warm autoantibodies. Vox Sang. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 15 mayo 2022]; 115(6):515-524. DOI: 10.1111/vox.12914.
88. Bhuva D, Vachhani J. Red cell alloimmunization in repeatedly transfused patients. Asian J Transfus Sci. [Internet]. 2017 [citado 30 mayo 2022]; 11(2):115-120. DOI: 10.4103/0973-6247.214347.
89. Felimban R, Sumeda S. Distribution of Kell antigens K, k, Kpa, and Kpb among blood donors in Jeddah city of Western Saudi Arabia. Asian J TransfusSci. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 3 diciembre 2021]; 15(1):75-81. DOI: 10.4103 / ajts.AJTS_109_19.
90. Wu CL, He JA, Gu DY, Shao YH, Dang XT, Zhu Y, et al. [Screening and Identification of Blood Group Alloantibody by Surface Plasmon Resonance Technique and Its Preliminary Application]. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye XueZaZhi. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 2 junio 2022]; 27(2):557-562. DOI: 10.19746/j.cnki.issn.1009-2137.2019.02.040
91. Belizaire R, Mack J, Kadauke S, Kim Y, Saidman S, Makar R. Red blood cell alloantibodies are associated with increased alloimmunization against human leukocyte antigens. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 2 mayo 2022]; 59(7):2256-2263. DOI: 10.1111/trf.15306.
92. Davoudi-Kiakalayeh A, Mohammadi R, Pourfathollah A, Siery Z, Davoudi-Kiakalayeh S. Alloimmunization in Thalassemia Patients: New Insight for Healthcare. Int J Prev Med. [Internet]. 2017 [citado 28 mayo 2022]; 8:101. DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_246_16.
93. Sawierucha J, Posset M, Hähnel V, Johnson C, Hutchinson J, Ahrens N. Comparison of two column agglutination tests for red blood cell antibody testing. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2018 [citado 5 junio 2022]; 13(12):e0210099. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210099.
94. Blomme S, De Maertelaere E, Verhoye E. A comparison of three column agglutination tests for red blood cell alloantibody identification. BMC Res Notes. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 5 junio 2022]; 4;13(1):129. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-04974-x.
95. Orlando N, Bianchi M, Valentini C, Maresca M, Massini G, Putzulu R, et al. Red Cell Alloantibody Screening: Comparative Analysis of Three Different Technologies. Transfus Med Hemother. [Internet]. 2018 [citado 25 mayo 2022]; 45(3):179-183. DOI: 10.1159/000484570.
96. Hosseini M, Jafari L, Shiri Heris R, Gharehbaghian A. Red blood cell alloimmunization in Iran: A Comprehensive review of the literature. Asian J TransfusSci. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 12 junio 2022]; 14(1):4-8. DOI: 10.4103/ajts.AJTS_137_17.
97. Khojah A, Felimban R, Kabrah S, Alqasmi M. Prevalence of Kell Blood Group System in Blood Donors of Makkah City, Saudi Arabia. Clin Lab. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 12 junio 2022]; 67(6). DOI: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2020.200946.
98. Chargoy-Vivaldo E, Azcona-Cruz M, Ramírez-Ayala R. Prevalencia del antígeno Kell (K+) en muestras obtenidas en un banco de sangre. RevHematol Mex. [Internet]. 2016 [citado 12 junio 2022]; 17(2):114-122. Disponible en: https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/hematologia/re-2016/re162g.pdf.
99. Ulloa León A, Crespo Proaño C, Chiriboga Ponce R. Prevalencia de anticuerpos anti-eritrocitarios en donantes voluntarios de sangre Ecuatorianos. Acta bioquím. clín. latinoam. [Internet]. 2019 [citado 12 junio 2022]; 53(3):323-330. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0325-29572019000300004.
100. Makkawi M, Alasmari S, Hawan A, Shahrani M, Dera A. Hemoglobinopathies: An update on the prevalence trends in Southern Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 12 junio 2022]; 42(7):784-789. DOI: 10.15537/smj.2021.42.7.20210273.
101. Brousse V, Rees D. Sickle cell disease: More than a century of progress. Where do we stand now? Indian J Med Res. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 13 junio 2022]; 154(1):4-7. DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1435_21.
102. Hassan T, Badr M, Hanna D, Arafa M, Elhewala A, Dabour S, et al. Retinopathy in Egyptian patients with sickle cell disease: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore). [Internet]. 2021 [citado 12 junio 2022]; 100(51):e28355. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000028355.
103. Al-Saqladi A, Maddi D, Al-Sadeeq A. Blood Transfusion Frequency and Indications in Yemeni Children with Sickle Cell Disease. Anemia. [Internet]. 2020 [citado 14 junio 2022]; 2020:7080264. DOI: 10.1155/2020/7080264.
104. Hulbert M, Panepinto J, Scott J, Liem R, Cook L, Simmons T, et al. Red blood cell transfusions during sickle cell anemia vaso-occlusive crises: a report from the magnesium in crisis (MAGiC) study. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2017 [citado 13 junio 2022]; 57(8):1891-1897. DOI: 10.1111/trf.14155.
105. Sanz C, Nomdedeu M, Belkaid M, Martinez I, Nomdedeu B, Pereira A. Red blood cell alloimmunization in transfused patients with myelodysplastic syndrome or chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Transfusion. [Internet]. 2013 [citado 12 junio 2022]; 53(4):710-5. DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03819.x.
106. MSP. Fortalecimiento del Ministerio de Salud Pública en el Sistema Nacional de Sangre. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 13 junio 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.salud.gob.ec/fortalecimiento-del-ministerio-de-salud-publica-en-el-sistema-nacional-de-sangre/.
107. Domínguez Y, Zurita C, Calvopiña D, Villacís J, Mora M. Prevalenceofcommonhemoglobinvariants in an afro-descendentEcuadorianpopulation. BMC Res Notes. [Internet]. 2013 [citado 14 junio 2022]; 6:132. DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-132.
108. Duran J, Figueiredo M. Antibody screening in 37 degrees C saline. Is it safe to omit it using the indirect antiglobulin (gel) test? Immunohematology. [Internet]. 2002 [citado 14 junio 2022]; 18(1):13-5. PMID: 15373569.
109. Novaretti M, Silveira E, Filho E, Dorlhiac-Llacer P, Chamone D. Comparison of tube and gel techniques for antibody identification. Immunohematology. [Internet]. 2000 [citado 14 junio 2022]; 16(4):138-41. PMID: 15373604.
110. Judd W, Steiner E, Knafl P, Masters C. The gel test: use in the identification of unexpected antibodies to blood group antigens. Immunohematology. [Internet]. 1998 [citado 15 junio 2022]; 14(2):59-62. PMID: 15377198.
111. Gader A, al-Momen A, Dahal O. An evaluation of a new gel system (ID-gel) for antibody screening and identification. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. [Internet]. 1993 [citado 14 junio 2022]; 24 Suppl 1:256-8. PMID: 7886590.
112. Lapierre Y, Rigal D, Adam J, Josef D, Meyer F, Greber S, et al. The gel test: a new way to detect red cell antigen-antibody reactions. Transfusion. [Internet]. 1990 [citado 14 junio 2022]; 30(2):109-13. DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.1990.30290162894. x.
Published
2022-11-20
How to Cite
Tanyi Mercedes Navarrete Bermúdez, & Jazmín Castro Jalca. (2022). Anticuerpos irregulares en pacientes transfundidos: un enfoque desde la prevalencia, características clínicas y diagnóstico de los receptors. Revista Cien´tifica FIPCAEC (Fomento De La investigación Y publicación En Ciencias Administrativas, Económicas Y Contables), 7(4), 877-907. Retrieved from https://fipcaec.com/index.php/fipcaec/article/view/666
Section
Artículos de Investigación
